Introduction Ecosystems are dynamic systems where living organisms interact with each other and their environment. Understanding how resources influence species interactions is a critical concept
Introduction Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth, encompassing everything from microscopic organisms to massive redwood trees. Many ecosystems depend on a wide
Introduction Endangered species are organisms that face a high risk of extinction. Their diminishing numbers often reflect a deeper imbalance in ecosystems. Understanding why certain
Introduction Invasive species represent one of the most significant challenges in modern environmental science. These organisms can severely disrupt native ecosystems, threaten biodiversity, and lead
Introduction Ocean acidification is an important topic in AP® Environmental Science because it connects atmospheric conditions with the health of marine ecosystems. This process involves chemical changes
Introduction Ocean warming remains an essential topic because it ties together climate change, greenhouse gas emissions, and significant effects on marine life. Although oceans cover
Introduction Global climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperature patterns and average weather conditions. These gradual yet powerful changes influence ecosystems, weather events, and
Introduction Greenhouse gases play a critical role in regulating the temperature of Earth’s atmosphere. They trap heat close to the surface, which keeps the planet
Introduction Climate science aims to understand how different elements in Earth’s atmosphere and surface influence global temperatures. Among the most critical processes is the greenhouse