AP® Environmental Science

Introduction to Ecological Succession Ecological succession refers to the predictable series of changes in species composition in a given area over time. Organisms transform their

Introduction Environmental adaptation refers to the various ways organisms modify their traits over time to handle challenges in their surroundings. Although adaptation can occur quickly

Introduction Ecosystems are intricate networks of living organisms and their physical surroundings. They include everything from dense rainforests to shallow coral reefs, and their delicate

Ecological Tolerance: Why It Matters in AP® Environmental Science Introduction Ecological tolerance refers to the range of environmental conditions that organisms can endure without experiencing harm

Island Biogeography: Understanding Life on Remote Landforms Introduction Island biogeography focuses on how organisms interact and distribute themselves on islands of various sizes and distances

Introduction Ecosystem services are benefits people gain from natural environments, including forests, wetlands, oceans, and grasslands. These services are vital for survival because they ensure

Introduction to Biodiversity Biodiversity is a cornerstone of environmental stability. It represents the variety of life found within different ecosystems. Examining ecosystem biodiversity carefully helps

Understanding Food Chains and Food Webs Food chains and food webs represent essential models in ecology because they clarify how energy and nutrients move through

Energy Flow and the 10% Rule Introduction Energy drives every ecosystem on Earth. In AP®  Environmental Science, understanding the path of energy flow through living systems