AP® Environmental Science

Introduction Ecosystems are intricate networks of living organisms and their physical surroundings. They include everything … Read more

Introduction Ecosystem services are benefits people gain from natural environments, including forests, wetlands, oceans, and … Read more

Ecological Tolerance: Why It Matters in AP® Environmental Science Introduction Ecological tolerance refers to the range … Read more

Island Biogeography: Understanding Life on Remote Landforms Introduction Island biogeography focuses on how organisms interact … Read more

Introduction to Biodiversity Biodiversity is a cornerstone of environmental stability. It represents the variety of … Read more

Understanding Food Chains and Food Webs Food chains and food webs represent essential models in … Read more

Energy Flow and the 10% Rule Introduction Energy drives every ecosystem on Earth. In AP® … Read more

Trophic Levels Explained Introduction Trophic levels serve as an essential framework for understanding how energy … Read more

Introduction Primary productivity lies at the heart of ecological studies in AP® Environmental Science. It refers to … Read more